Hence, the grandfather of Robert I, Robert de Bruce, became King of Scotland when the post was vacant in 1290. Reply. Walter and Marjorie were married shortly after, with Marjories dowry including the By the time she completed her B.E. The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 23 and 24 June 1314, After Bannockburn Robert the Bruce became a national hero. After another campaign in 1303/1304, Stirling Castle, the last major Scottish-held stronghold, fell to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to most of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. All Rights Reserved. After the Declaration of Arbroath failed to secure recognition of the independence of Scotland by the Pope, the Edinburgh-Northampton treaty occurred in 1328. The Battle of Culblean was the effective end of Balliol's attempt to overthrow the King of Scots. The most important element in the feudal array was the mounted knighthood of Angevin England. Even after Bannockburn, Scotlands king Robert Bruce and his brother Edward remained uneasy about the threat of a renewed English invasion. We recognise that not all activities and ideas are appropriate and suitable for all children and families or in all circumstances. What happened at the Battle of Frenchtown? Before the second day of battle, the English forces crossed what was known as the Bannockburn stream during the night. The revolts which broke out in early 1297, led by William Wallace, Andrew de Moray and other Scottish nobles, forced Edward to send more forces to deal with the Scots, and although they managed to force the nobles to capitulate at Irvine, Wallace and de Moray's continuing campaigns eventually led to the first key Scottish victory, at Stirling Bridge. It became so confused and compressed that the English archers' arrows fell on their own men. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. What happened after the Battle of Bannockburn? The main battle commenced not long after first light, on 24 June, 1314. Repertory Philippines Theater Plays, However, Lamberton came from a family associated with the Balliol-Comyn faction and his ultimate allegiances are unknown. But whether this hinders Outlaw Kings ability to capture Bruces transformation, in the words of historian Fiona Watsonauthor of the newly released Traitor, Outlaw, King: The Making of Robert Brucefrom someone incredibly inept to someone quite extraordinary is another issue entirely. The immediate effect of the victory of the Scottish was Stirling Castle's surrender to King Robert the Bruce. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Bruce's action on the eve of the main battled acted as an inspiration to his army. This pact triggered the battle of Bannockburn. Crops became oversaturated with water androtted before they could be picked, preventing new crops from growing, while livestock either starved or drowned. In doing so, he created a model of Scottish warfare that lasted long beyond his fight. Watson says she is convinced Bruce arrived in Dumfries with the intention of striking down Comyn, whom he worried was on the verge of claiming the Scottish crown. With the independence movement largely crushed, Bruce and most of the Scottish lords submitted to Edwards authority. He was to be proven wrong. What happened at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Battle of Bannockburn experience puts you at the heart of the action so you can discover more about this crucial event in Scottish history. Battle of Falkirk (July 22, 1298), engagement fought between the army of King Edward I of England and Scottish resistance forces under the command William Wallace at Falkirk in Scotlands Central Lowlands. The surrender of Bothwell Castle was also important, where a number of English nobles, like the Earl of Hereford, took refuge. Around this time, Bruce returned to Scotland, likely with an eye toward the crown vacated by the still-exiled Balliol. / 56.09333N 3.93778W / 56.09333; -3.93778 The Battle of Bannockburn ( Scottish Gaelic: Blr Allt nam Bnag or Blr Allt a' Bhonnaich) fought on 2324 June 1314, was a victory of the army of King of Scots Robert the Bruce over the army of King Edward II of England in the First War of Scottish Independence. This English army was the largest in history to invade Scotland. He himself died in February 1371. Giles d'Argentan and Aymer de Valence soon understood that the English had lost the battle and that they must lead Edward II to a safe place. Edward II was King of England from 1307-1327. They were not released until 1310. The battle took place on June 23 and 24 in 1314. The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: Blr Allt nam Bnag or Blr Allt a' Bhonnaich) fought on 2324 June 1314, was a victory of the army of King of Scots Robert the Bruce over the army of King Edward II of England in the First War of Scottish Independence. The Battle of Bannockburn took place after King Edward II invaded Scotland. English archers began to have some success but Robert the Bruce instructed his cavalry to charge on them. He continued raids on northern England, and expeditions to Ireland were also carried out. Both John Comyn of Badenoch and Edward Comyn of Kilbride were killed at Bannockburn. He issued demands to Edward I, promising to defend himself with the longest stick that he had if they went unmet, and received absolution for his sins from the Bishop of Glasgow. Edward I attempted to make one more offensive attack on Scotland, but he died suffering from dysentery near the Solway Firth. 8. Scott, Ronald McNair, Robert the Bruce, King of the Scots, p 35, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Black Agnes", Countess-consort Dunbar and March, Outline of the Wars of Scottish Independence, BBC.com: The Wars of Scottish Independence, Historynet.com: Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Bannockburn, Syelander.org: Battles of Dupplin Moor, Halidon Hill, & Neville's Cross, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_Scottish_Independence&oldid=1149931289, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2007, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 09:45. Emissaries were immediately dispatched to inform King Philip IV of France of the intentions of the English. Bruce then rallied the Scottish prelates and nobles behind him and had himself crowned King of Scots at Scone less than five weeks after the killing in Dumfries. WebThe Battle of Bannockburn experience portrays the often brutal consequences of medieval conflict in a dark, immersive environment. 1. After Robert Bruce killed Sir Henry de Bohun on the first day of the battle, the English withdrew for the day. That night, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed King Robert of the English camp's low morale, telling him they could win. The circumstances of the murder also led Pope Clement V to excommunicate Bruce, complicating his already uncertain path forward. Her husband moved his small army quickly to her relief although outnumbered by some five to one. After Scottish victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Robert was able to exchange English noblemen for his wife, daughter, and sisters. Those who did found themselves dashed upon the ground, and as the battle drew to a close, Barbour notes that one might hear the sound / Of shivered lances and the cry / Of wounded men in agony., Outlaw King concludes soon after the Battle of Loudoun Hill, content to treat this victory as a sign of the wars changing tides (and as a proxy for the better-known Battle of Bannockburn, a 1314 meeting that saw the Scots defeat similarly superior English forces). What happened during the Battle of Gazala? Then, the English tried to deploy both their English and Welsh longbowmen to flank the Scottish men who were approaching; however, they were scattered by 500 cavalries under Sir Robert Keith. Edward fled after he was rescued with his bodyguard, and fear had grown among the troops. WebLate in the afternoon of June 24 1314, Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, made his last stand not far from the walls of Stirling Castle. What happened at the Battle of Kasserine Pass? Some 40 years after the First War of Scottish Independence, Archbishop John Barbour composed an epic retelling of the conflict. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, and Bruce stood his ground. Edward also ordered John Balliol to relinquish control of the castles and burghs of Berwick, Jedburgh and Roxburgh. Robert Bruce was crowned king of the Scottish in 1306. His wife, daughter and sisters were similarly betrayed and remained Edwards prisoners until 1315. What happened after the Battle of Britain? The famous William Mackenzie, a Scottish historian, concluded that the English army had 3,000 English knights, men at arms, and mounted men with a detachment of Welsh archers. As Outlaw King attests, Bruces troubles started soon after he was crowned king. This new docudrama series reveals how a Scottish army tried to drive the English out of Ireland 700 years ago. After the capture and execution of Wallace in 1305, Scotland seemed to have been finally conquered and the revolt calmed for a period. The Scots once again lost control of the territory due to their ownoverreach during their incursion into Ireland. Furthermore, after the Battle of Bannockburn Scotlands independence was secured, with the treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. When Edward died in 1377, there were still 24,000 merks owed, which were never paid. The Battle of Stirling Bridge happened to push English forces out of Scotland during the First Scottish War of Independence. And won their freedom," before fading to black. Edward II came to the throne after the English King, Edward I, died in 1307. Scotland'sincursion into Ireland, however, was met by heavy resistance and had long-term consequences for the country's power, particularly when the Irish retaliated by invading a Scottish island. Your privacy is important to us. Although the Scottish were victorious in this war, they did not gain independence until 1328. Unfortunately, the ever-restless Douglas stopped to support Spains Alfonso XI in his campaign against the Moors and was killed in battle. This does not influence our choices. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. Only 14,000 Roman soldiers escaped, and 10,000 more were captured; the rest were killed. To further seal the peace, Robert's son and heir David married the sister of Edward III. Createyouraccount. However, this seems to have been no more than a rather dishonest attempt to re-negotiate the ransom since David knew perfectly well that Parliament would reject such an arrangement out of hand. Battle of Bannockburn 1314- two men in a trench - Duration: 46 Ending Explained & What Happened To Robert The Bruce After The Film Ends - Duration: 4:12. Although Pilkington designed the statue, he commissioned the Ontario College of Art's Thomas Taylor Bowie to make the statue. Forever cemented (erroneously) in popular imagination as a blue paint-covered kilt-wearer, Wallace is often portrayed as a more straightforward figure than his successor in the bid for Scottish independence. The English broke rank as they could not hold their formation. WebWhat happened after the Battle of Bannockburn? The English planned to hang Marjorie Bruce, daughter of the Scottish king and only 12 years old, in a cage from the Tower of London, but shespent those years imprisoned in a nunneryinstead. What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. The Hollywood movie Braveheart ends with the Battle of Bannockburn, but have you ever wondered what happened after the epic events that are portrayed in the film? The centre doesn't contain a museum per se, because there are no artifacts. Bruce returned to the mainland in 1307. Robert the Bruce was able to position his men south of Stirling Castle in a forested and elevated area called New Park. When they refused, he gave the claimants three weeks to agree to his terms, knowing that by then his armies would have arrived and the Scots would have no choice. What happened in the Battle of Chickamauga? The country was in a sorry state then; she had been ravaged by war and also the Black Death. Declared a fugitive for both his sacrilege and breach of fealty, Bruce had little to lose by going one step further and seizing the crown. (Pictured here) Outside, Robert the Bruce sits distantly and grimly. There is little information about his career until the year 1306. When asked if hed agree to crown his rival, Comyn firmly replied no so [Bruce] slaughtered him.. All rights reserved. Edward IIs army found that the road to Stirling had been blocked by the Scots army and was surrounded by boggy terrain. A depiction of the Battle of Bannockburn from a 1440s manuscript of Walter Bowers Scotichronicon. During the height of the showdown between Robert and Edward II,extended winter conditions spread across Europe, which caused heavy torrential rainfall. What happened to Sitting Bull after the Battle of LittleBbighorn? This tangled web of alliances culminated in that deadly February 10, 1306, meeting between Bruce and Comyn, the two main contenders for the Scottish throne. He was murdered by Bruce in 1306, precipitating a bloody civil war, one which Bannockburn largely brought to an end. His son, another John, was killed in the battle. Edward II was the only surviving son of Edward I, succeeding his father in 1307. Their losses were immense. These 2,000 men were not trained soldiers, but men who had little in the way of proper weapons. Your Privacy Rights After her death, there were 13 rivals for succession. After this battle, the English learned their lesson. Advertising Notice Historically,the Scots at Bannockburn may have "fought like Scotsmen," butthey certainly did not win their freedom. The Battle of Bannockburn (23-24 June 1314) is a key date in Scottish history. Close to this monument, there is a Bruce statue from the '60s, designed by Pilkington Jackson. Many of her experienced nobles were dead and the economy which had barely begun to recover from the earlier wars was once again in tatters. The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a pivotal event in the course of the war, after which the family members of Bruce captive in England were returned. Alternately painted as a patriot whose perseverance secured his nations independence and a more shadowy figure with dangerous ambitions and a tenuous sense of allegiance, Bruce remains one of Scottish historys most controversial characters, and one of the few whose name is easily recognized by non-Scots. Moray was fatally wounded in the fighting at Stirling, and died soon after the battle. Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, Horror Movies That Don't Look Like Horror Movies. Regardless of what motivated the incursion, the end result was a disaster for Scotland. The Earl of Moray died on 20 July 1332. But in July, Edward invaded again, intending to crush Wallace and his followers, and defeated the Scots at Falkirk. It is said that before the Battle of Bannockburn, Bruce was attacked by the English Knight Sir Henry de Bohun. What happened after the Battle of Plataea? In 1292, he picked Balliol. The Bannockburn Preservation Committee, in 1932, bestowed the battlefields to the National Trust for Scotland under Kincardine and the 10th Earl of Elgin. He gets half of the way he wants to go by murdering someone in a church. No matter the rights and wrongs of his actions, he had made his move. However, Robert's political rivals suffered in Scotland. As Brown explains, the story is mainly cited to reflect how Wallaces failure inspired Bruces later success: [Theres] the idea of Wallace standing in for Bruce in a sense, but Bruce failing to perform that [leadership] role at that stage.. This is where Outlaw King picks up. He went with Edward Bruce on campaign in Ireland in 131518 and died What happened directly after the Battle of Bannockburn? After this battle, he was considered a national hero. What happened at the Battle of the Crater? Alexander Seton, a Scottish knight, was fighting for Edward's army but abandoned the English camp and told Robert Bruce that the morale of the English was low, encouraging him to attack. What happened at the "Showdown at Canossa"? The First War (12961328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of EdinburghNorthampton in 1328. But the film also misrepresents the battle in several ways, as well as the key events leading up to it. However, later, in the Halidon Hill and Dupplin Moor Battles, the Scottish were defeated as they used the same plan. Robert then slighted the castle to prevent it from being captured in the future. What happened after the Battle of France? When they refused he deprived them of their titles and lands, granting them to his allies. According to the movie Braveheart, Scotland won its freedom at the Battle of Bannockburn, inspired by the demise of William Wallace nearly a decade earlier. But Bannockburn didn't end the Wars of Scottish Independence, and Wallace wasn't exactly an inspiring figure to the Scottish army by 1314. What happened after the Battle of Kadesh? Because of the large difference in sizes between the two armies, Bruce was advised to remove his army from the field to prevent it from being destroyed and then carry on the guerrilla war as before. 1513: James IV killed at Battle of Flodden; James V succeeds at the age of seventeen months. Meilan Solly The Kidadl is supported by you, the reader. Given the drawn-out nature of the struggle for Scottish independence, the films condensed time frameit focuses on Bruces life between 1304 and 1307makes narrative sense. The majority of his army were slain in conflict, but Wallace fled and remained on the run until his capture and execution in 1305. While the legend is strong, the factual basis is weak and inconclusive. Emboldened by the truce, Balliol dismissed most of his English troops and moved to Annan, on the north shore of the Solway Firth. Scotland celebrates June 24 as Bannockburn Day, commemorating the battle and the independence of Scotland. Pinned by a flank attack while making a downhill charge, Strathbogie's army broke and Strathbogie refused to surrender and was killed. In May, King Edward I vowed to get revenge for the death of Comyn, swearing "before God and the swans". Ancient Origins - Untold True Story of Robert the Bruce, The Outlaw King, set to be Netflix Blockbuster Ancient Origins - Why was Edward II Such A Hated King? To a large extent, it was this battle which made Robert the Bruce the legend he is in modern-day Scotland. Bruce organised his army well to block Edward's advance. After waging a campaign in the southwest in the early 1300s, Bruce surrendered to Edward I in 1302, fearing the possible return of John Balliol to Scotland as King. The Second War (13321357) began with the English-supported invasion by Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended in 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. It either happened that William Wallace coordinated with other nobles in an act of uprising, or he had chosen to act alone. Once d'Argentan led the king to safety, he turned back and returned to the battle, where he was slain. This would have been too open a breach of the treaty. The treaty would be sealed by the arranged marriage of John's son Edward and Philip's niece Joan. The battlefield has been debated for several years now, with many modern historians agreeing on the fact that the current recognized site is not correct. Robert Bruce's Anglo-Norman family came to Scotland in the 12th century and was related to the Scottish royal family by marriage. Robert the Bruce then became the Scottish king and went to Bannockburn to confront the English armies in 1314. 10 reviews of The Battle Of Bannockburn "A good value for 5, especially if you are a history buff. What happened between the Battle of Cannae and the Battle of Zama? They chatted for a bit and agreed to meet up for a drink after the battle. The Scots responded by moving to attack, with the spearmen pushing forwards. Incensed, the Scots formed a separate alliance with France in 1295 and continued their subversion of English authority with a 1296 attack on the city of Carlisle. Their decision was influenced in part by the fact that most of the claimants had large estates in England and, therefore, would have lost them if they had defied the English king. 2. Robert the Bruce Statue at Bannockburn The National Trust for Scotland, Bruce maquette by Charles d'Orville Pilkington Jackson Glasgow Museums and Art Galleries, Murder of Comyn National Trust for Scotland, The crowning of Robert the Bruce National Trust for Scotland, Countess of Buchan by Stewart Carmichael Dundee City Council,McManus Galleries, Fragment from original manuscript of Walter Scott's "Tales of a grandfather" Edinburgh University Library, Edward I Monument Peter Nicholson & Peter Armstrong, Aerial view of Battle of Bannockburn National Trust for Scotland, Battle of Bannockburn National Trust for Scotland, Robert the Bruce slaying de Bohun Patrick Benham, Painting of a Scottish schiltrom National Trust for Scotland, Bannockburn Room, Peebles Hotel Hydro, Peebles (detail) Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum, Representation of Scottish noblemen signing the Declaration of Arbroath National Trust for Scotland, Casket containing Robert the Bruce's heart Crown Copyright reproduced courtesy of Historic Scotland, -FURTHERINFORMATION-WHAT WALLACE MEANS TO ME-HOME. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Ignore Youtube Update, Most people in Scotland supported Robert the Bruce. Despite lacking the traditional coronation stone, diadem and scepter, all of which had transferred to England in 1296, Robert officially became King of Scots. Fewer Oxbridge Offers 2021, 1511: Launch of the Great Michael. The Battle of Bannockburn (23-24 June 1314) is a key date in Scottish history. However, this independence was short-lived when the successor of Edward II, King Edward III, won a decisive battle at Halidon Hill. John Comyn continued battling the English until February 1304, when he negotiated peace terms that restored Scotlands laws, usages, customs and liberties and provided for a representative assembly. It opened in March 2014. The tactic was more than spiritual - it allowed the captains an extra crucial few minutes to form up the battle lines. At this time, the Scots followed a plan of avoiding pitched battles, depending instead on minor actions of heavy cavalry the normal practice of the day. In January, the Scots drew up a draft treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as David II would be his heir and David would leave France to live in England. But Bannockburn didn't end the Wars of Scottish Independence, and Wallace wasn't exactly an inspiring figure to the Scottish army by 1314. Two similar declarations were also sent by the nobles, clergy and Robert I. Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. Just before doing this Robert the Bruce had been involved in a dispute with John Comyn. This is the earliest known depiction of the battle. Then, the Scottish rushed at the English force under Hereford's and Gloucester's command, who later retreated. As Walter of Guisborough wrote around 1308, when Comyn had confessed and was truly repentant, by the tyrant's order he was dragged out of the vestry and killed on the steps of the high altar.. Bruce died on June 7, 1329, just one month shy of his 55th birthday. In response, however, Scotland didn't give up on independence, but instead, a group ofbarons pleaded with the pope to recognize Robert as their king through the Declaration of Arbroath. He was named king shortly after, King Robert the first. What happened at the Battle of Tannenberg? If you purchase using the buy now button we may earn a small commission. What happened before the Battle of Culloden? Walter had distinguished himself as a commander at the Battle of Bannockburn, and was the man entrusted by Bruce to bring his family home for their English captivity. Trapped in a stalemate, the Scots asked Englands Edward I (played in Outlaw King by Stephen Dillane) to choose their nations next ruler. Its uncertain what the pair actually discussed, but the near-contemporary Flores Historiarum posits that Bruce had first secretly and then openly begun gathering support for his claim. In fact, Northern England faced some of the worst conditions thanks to Scottish raids. Wallace was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint guardians, with William de Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews, being appointed in 1299 as a third, neutral Guardian to try to maintain order between them. [note 1] Balliol was named king by a majority on 17 November 1292 and on 30 November he was crowned King of Scots at Scone Abbey. What happened at the Battle of Bannockburn? The battle was now raging, with most of the armies engaged. The removal of the King of Scots, John Balliol, was also one of the reasons for the success of the English. Where did the battle of Bannockburn take place? Along with William Wallace, Robert the Bruce is one of Scotland's greatest historical heroes. The end of Braveheart depicts the Battle of Bannockburn happening on an open field; it actually took place near a brook. Yet they have a substantial exhibit explaining the battle and its political backstory and aftermath. The Battle of Bannockburn changed the balance of power between Scotland and England, andafter capturing multiple English noblemen, Robertsuccessfully traded them back to England in exchange for his four family members. A 25-year truce was agreed and in 1369, the treaty of 1365 was cancelled and a new one set up to the Scots' benefit, due to the influence of the war with France. In reality, the fight for independence trundled on for another 21 years, concluding only with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in March 1328. They suffered heavy casualties and David was wounded in the face by two arrows before being captured. Edward soon returned to England, while the Scots, under Murray, captured and destroyed English strongholds and ravaged the countryside, making it uninhabitable for the English. Robert the Bruce is rightly remembered as a national hero for his role in ridding Scotland of the English yoke, at least for a time. They worked their way north, taking castles and attacking where possible using the quick raiding style of Wallace. The rest of Edward's army tried to escape Bannockburn's massacre towards the English border around 90 mi (140 km) away. What happened at the Battle of Gaugamela? In sight of their enemy they fell to their knees to pray. Bruce waited until the right moment, avoided the lance, rose up in his stirrups and killed De Bohun with his battle-axe in one blow to the head, slicing through his helmet. Stirling Castle has changed significantly since the time of Bannockburn. Together, they ravaged much of the north-east and sacked Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army ravaged the south-west and the Clyde valley. The Scots lost control, however, to the English King Edward I when he claimed possession of Scotland preceding the war of independence in 1290. After Braveheart 2015 Maurice Sweeney M Recommended for mature audiences 15 years and over The untold story. He also concluded that Scottish forces had 7,000 men. In 1313, Robertreclaimed Scottish control over the Isle of Man, aterritory between Britain and Ireland just south of Scotland granted to the Scottish King Alexander III after a conflict with Norway. The battles was turning in Bruce's favour. There were not many knights or archers in the army of Robert the Bruce, unlike Edward's forces. These lands were further purchased in 1960 and 1965 to promote visitor access. The new terms saw the 44,000 merks already paid deducted from the original 100,000 with the balance due in instalments of 4,000 for the next 14 years. Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. Sadaqah Fund Heres What Actually Happened After The End Of Braveheart. When you buy through the links on our site we may earn a commission. Copy. Disheartened by his military and personal losses, Bruce allegedly saw echoes of his struggle in the spiders repeated attempts to swing itself from one corner to another. The Battle of Bannockburn was fought on June 23 and June 24, 1314. The incursion left Scotland weaker as it focused its attention on Ireland, rather than its conflict against England. What happened before the Battle of Chickamauga? It was a war between the large English army and the much smaller Scottish army. However, the Battle of Bannockburn was a major event in Scottish history. In response, the pope wrote to Edward II in support of Scotland, but the kingcontinued to ignore this call for independence for another eight years. In 1315, Edward Bruce, the possible brother of Scotland's new king, invaded Ireland. By this time Bruce was very ill, possibly with leprosy.
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