Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Poetics of Manhood. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth, he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. "The Greek Hero." the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. [12], However, the Northern China and the middle Ming period (14501525) had their fair share of banditry. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. 2 (1982): 58-89. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. "Banditry Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) in Ming China (13681644) was defined by the Ming government as robbery by force punishable by death.[6] But throughout the dynasty, people had entered into the occupation of banditry for various reasons and the occupation of banditry was fluid and temporary. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. Sixty years later Ronald Reagan publicly referred to members of the Sandinista government as "thugs." Carrington, Dora. Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth-Century Adriatic. [20] Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. But more informal kinds of banditry occurred in other settings. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. Gorriti, Juana Manuela. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. In Sicily the bandit Salvatore Giuliano's ambiguous notoriety in the post-1945 period, created partly through extensive press coverage, derived from his expression of regional Sicilian aspirations, despite the fact that he also massacred peasants. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. Translated by Alan Sheridan. One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". ArCaLu/Shutterstock.com One of the most widely used names for a group of rabbits is a colony. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty relates that the great bandit Zhang Mao lived in a big mansion in his hometown Wenan. However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. Social bandits did, in some cases, begin their career with some petty crime or offense that sooner or later brought them in contact with the itinerant underworld. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? Like the contemporary "Bandit Queen" in India, Guiliano became the subject of novels and films. In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Driessen, Henk. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry They personalize the mafioso's or bandit's power and prepotency, generate respect, and emphasize his inalienable symbolic capital. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. Braudel, Fernand. and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. BANDITRY. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. 27 Apr. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. Inevitably, state authorities viewed such violence as a sign of "barbarism" to be mercilessly extirpated, and as a moral weakness in the peasants who were duped by the bandits. Turpin is another fascinating case of an early modern criminal whom history turned from a ruffian into a glamorous character. In Anglo-American folklore Dick Turpin (17051739) is the English counterpart of Cartouche. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Koliopoulos, Johns. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. He eventually settled on robbery. Property, as a stand-in for its owner, was subjected to an excess of violence, such as the disembowelment of livestock, but not killed. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. To him, an escape to the mountains may be the only way of avoiding an unjust state summons or pursuing a private revenge. Bandidos somos y en el camino andamos: Bandidaje, caminos y administracin de justicia en el siglo XIX, 18211855: El caso de Michoacn. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. [15] Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. The closer one gets to it, the more such positive features appear to recede. Barcelona, 19621963. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . The rural poor sometimes used banditry to express political sentiments. For other uses, see, Techniques, organization, livelihood, and risks, New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banditry&oldid=1151452214, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 04:22. [11] Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Terror and violence often had a personal element. This group are usually the bad people. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. "A Word at War: The Italian Army and Brigandage, 18601870." Banditry in places like southern Italy and Sicily became the subject of numerous inquiries as well as massive army intervention. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker). Thus, terms of venery referred to groups of specific game animals. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. These elite-bandit alliances helped keep local oligarchies in power and gave a degree of legitimacy to the outlaws. Histoires curieuses et vritables de Cartouche et de Mandrin. But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. Wilson, Stephen. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Bandits, rev. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). Female gang leaders were out of the question in early modern times, although some of the women associated with organized robbery, such as the famous German archthief named Alte Lisel, could well have commanded a band themselves. [9] Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal. ." ." Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. There, they find the . While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. In the Balkans, the recorded history of haiduks goes back to the fifteenth century, but popular ballads about their lives and deeds did not flourish before the middle of the eighteenth century. Bandits were natural men, outside time, but nevertheless potential lawmakers. [40], "Bandit" redirects here. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. There is ample proof, though hardly needed, that vagrants and social bandits were brothers in hardship and frequently mixed with each other. Sometimes you look at a group of animals, and youre not really sure what to refer to them as collectively. Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. But although they have been victimized by the elite, the rural poor have not remained passive victims. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. //. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. The brigands found their victims mostly among rich merchants traveling through the forest in that part of France. 75107. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. Run away from home and eventually became the leader of a group of bandits. The songs about the hardships of bandit life in Corsica, Greece, and elsewhere lament that becoming a bandit was far from glorious. As the Sicilian novelist Leonardo Sciascia (19211989) noted, an element of latent racism entered into the northern view of the South, and as soon as banditry and organized crime were posed as typically "Sicilian" phenomena emerging from its psychology and history, the Sicilian educated classes reacted by minimalizing the criminality. No evidence suggests that fish are particularly studious, so why is it a school of fish? The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. Encyclopedia of European Social History. No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Between 1860 and 1870 more lives were lost during the Italian army's campaign in southern Italy against peasant brigandage than in the war of unification. Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." Hobsbawm's thesis has been criticized by Anton Blok and other anthropologists. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. In banditry, women usually functioned as supporters and links with the outside world. All other bandit-heroes are much more recent, many of them living in the early modern period. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. As the genesis of banditry was personal, so too was its prosecution. Basingstoke, U.K., 1988. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. It was a form of crime that rose out of political and social crisis, especially in areas over which the government could exercise only very little control, above all mountainous regions and often frontier zones. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1985. Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. In Latin America it was part and parcel of an expanding frontier economy. As with mammals, birds come in all forms, leading to a delightfully poetic sampling of collective nouns, from convocations to murders. "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." The term is derived from the Roman-law concept of status rei Romanae, i.e., the public law of th, Bandicoots (Peramelidae and Peroryctidae), https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Translated by Sergio Waisman. (April 27, 2023). In The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, edited by Richard J. Evans, pp. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. Banditry is therefore a phenomenon that is not only often refractory to the investigations of the outside observer but also concealed from the participants themselves. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. (They mainly protect the surrounding villages from a group of bandits.) Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. dit ban-dt plural bandits Synonyms of bandit 1 plural also banditti ban-di-t : an outlaw who lives by plunder especially : a member of a band of marauders 2 : robber 3 : an enemy plane banditry ban-d-tr noun Example Sentences Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided there's some water and a boat involved. They were known as train and bank robbers. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." "Banditry Danker, Uwe. Recommended for you Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. Domination by the wealthy forced the rural masses to defend their interests through various means. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. Banditry in agricultural contexts was usually more controllable and could be tamed more easily, especially when violent men from humble origins acquired secure property rights (usually through co-option or protection by elites) and thereby achieved legitimacy. Richard W. Slatta, "Banditry as Political Participation in Latin America," in Criminal Justice History: An International Annual 11 (1990): 171-187. 139149. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Discourse on and about bandits in society indicates a great deal about that society and its power relations. E for Eagles Dreams and Realities: Selected Fiction of Juana Manuela Gorriti. see also one-armed bandit banditry / bndtri/ noun [noncount] They were charged with banditry and smuggling. In Brazil, Silvino and Lampio cooperated with elites, not the peasant masses. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. Many bandits in Corsica, Sicily, Cypress, and elsewhere embarked on their careers through personal vendettas. . Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. Violence and indiscriminate robberies alienated them from the peasantry. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. Louis A. Prez, Jr., sees banditry in western rural Cuba as motivated by peasant resentment of their marginalization by expanding sugar plantations. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. Chicago, 1935. The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person. A Reuters report said that authorities in the area have attributed the most recent case of mass kidnapping to an armed group of bandits. In his celebrated book, Bandits (1969), Hobsbawm interpreted them as prepolitical rebels. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. (April 27, 2023). "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. Paris, 1984. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. As shown above, a large number of bandits were actually garrison soldiers and had access to and able usage of weapons and armors. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates.
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