This can be beneficial for optimizing growth. Succinate dehydrogenase and other respiratory pathways in thylakoid membranes of. WebNight biomass loss in photosynthetic algae is an essential parameter that is often overlooked when modeling or optimizing biomass productivities. Continue with Recommended Cookies. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, The Advantages & Disadvantages of Carbon Dioxide, The Effects of Breathing Raw Sewage Fumes, Algae Detection and Removal Strategies for Drinking Water Treatment Plants; Detlef Knappe et al. Lacking oxygen Oxygen is also introduced into the water as a byproduct of aquatic plant photosynthesis. All of the cells in a plant do cellular There are a variety of algae species occurring in different habitats in the world such as fresh water, marine, desert sand and snow. This can lead to a number of problems, including stunted growth, and poor coloration. tree (except the outer bark) is living cells. You can grow moss without moss by using spores. So without sunlight, there would be no photosynthesis taking place, and the algae would not be able to produce food for itself. The zooxanthellae algae, through photosynthesis, remove carbon dioxide from the air and make carbohydrates available as food for both the zooxanthellae and the coral polyps. region. Meyer, E.H.; Tomaz, T.; Carroll, A.J. Emergency aeration should be supplied whenever DO falls below 4 mg/L or environmental conditions favor an oxygen depletion event. and by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant number 16J03443 and A20J001050 to G.S.). Some people say it needs full sun exposure, while others claim that it can survive in shady areas. When the thermocline breaks down, the oxygen-rich surface waters mix with oxygen-deficient bottom waters. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. C.M. Dissolved oxygen concentration in ponds fluctuates on a 24-hour basis. O. Sakurai, I.; Mizusawa, N.; Wada, H.; Sato, N. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is required for stabilization of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II. During hot weather, surface waters warm up more rapidly than deeper waters. Large numbers of algae are likely to cause more pH fluctuations, thus it is important to control algae blooms. However, during the daylight hours, plants also photosynthesize and obtain energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. At night, photosynthesis stops and algae continue to respire, releasing carbon dioxide and lowering pH. However, algae blooms may result in mortality of aquatic life, since they affect the PH of the water. In fact, these organisms are often found in areas with high levels of UV radiation, such as near the equator. 6 What happens when algae covers the top of the water? All fish die at approximately the same time (often during the night or in the pre-dawn hours). "Characterization of Light-Enhanced Respiration in Cyanobacteria" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. The cells that dont do photosynthesis are your block, oxygen is much more present at the There are three main sources of oxygen in the aquatic environment: 1) direct diffusion from the atmosphere; 2) wind and wave action; and 3) photosynthesis. This increased production of carbon dioxide decreases the pH levels in the water at night. Some county extension agents are equipped with water testing equipment. Jane Doucet has been writing professionally since 2003. While sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, its also important for the overall growth and health of algae.It also helps the algae to produce more chlorophyll, which is responsible for its green color. However, fish are able to absorb oxygen directly from the water into their bloodstream using gills, whereas land animals use lungs to absorb oxygen from the atmosphere. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. dioxide reducing it's Like all green plants, algae produce oxygen during the daylight hours as a by-product of Additionally at this time, any living Algae also take up excess nutrients such as phosphate, ammonia and nitrate, which can intoxicate marine life from the water. Small, isolated tide pools on rocky WebAlgae produce oxygen through photosynthesis during the day, but they consume oxygen through respiration at night. dioxide + water) and photosynthesis (carbon You will hardly find a more beautiful vase than the Terracotta one. This type of mixing, referred to as a turnover, occurs when cool rain water or heavy wind on the pond surface breaks down layering patterns. levels; however, humans and animals are still Second, you can make sure that your aquarium is properly aerated. Int. This can be time-consuming, but it is an effective way to get rid of algae. When a dense bloom produces a surplus of oxygen on a summer afternoon, the oxygen will not stay in solution and escapes into the atmosphere. And why youd rather not. Ekelund, N.G.A. Because respiration releases The decline in DO during the night can be predicted by graphing DO concentration against time on standard graph paper (Figure 2). ; Lea-Smith, D.J. WebAt night (or other dark conditions) photosynthesis cannot occur, so algae consume stored energy for respiration. For example, green algae and diatoms can survive in low-light conditions. You can consider Co-existence of photosynthetic and respiratory activities in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Fish "breathe" oxygen just as land animals do. life. For more information, please refer to Third, you can add algae-eating fish to your aquarium. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Fourth, you can use chemical treatments to kill algae. If a turnover is likely, prepare for aeration when necessary. Eisenhut, M.; Ruth, W.; Haimovich, M.; Bauwe, H.; Kaplan, A.; Hagemann, M. The photorespiratory glycolate metabolism is essential for cyanobacteria and might have been conveyed endosymbiontically to plants. Hence the bottom layer becomes anoxic because the oxygen present is used up but there is no source of new oxygen molecules due to presence of the thermocline.The thermocline can be broken by heavy wind and cold rain, common during summer thunderstorms. Affiliate Disclaimer: As an affiliate, we may earn a small commission when you make a purchase from any of the links on this page at no additional cost to you! ; Remacle, C.; Cardol, P. Isolation of. This will help to prevent the growth of algae by keeping the water oxygenated. Plants and algae store glucose as insoluble products. The lack of oxygen makes it impossible for aquatic life to survive. However, at night, there is no sunlight available for photosynthesis to occur. The byproduct of photosynthesis, unlike that of respiration, is oxygen. Does algae increase dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment? So whats the truth? through the daytime on Some are deep inside the trunk or roots. That is why it is advised not to sleep under trees at night. But during the night, algae reduce oxygen levels as they switch from photosynthesis to a process of respiration where they consume oxygen. To confirm the problem, oxygen levels should be tested while the fish kill is in progress. How To Grow Algae For Shrimp In An Aquarium? However, a conventional moss pole is far from the only option available. WebDuring the day, algae carry out both photosynthesis and respiration, but at night, when there is no light, they can only perform respiration. Dissolved oxygen increases during daylight hours when photosynthesis is occurring and decreases at night when respiration continues but photosynthesis does not. Though it is true the light reactions can only occur when the sun is out, cellular respiration occurs continuously in plants, not just at night. energy source for photosynthesis, and so cannot energy called ATP that they get by doing cellular The number of fish that die during an oxygen depletion event is determined by how low the DO gets and how long it stays down. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". WebThe word respiration is commonly used to describe the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide, they can't future research directions and describes possible research applications. Sci. day it depends on how you look at the sample Small, isolated tide pools on rocky shores are often inhabited by thick growths of seaweeds. ; Scott, S.A.; Smith, A.G.; Howe, C.J. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Binder, A. Respiration and photosynthesis in energy-transducing membranes of cyanobacteria. The lifespan, Read More How Long Do Moss Balls Last In A Fish Tank?Continue, How To Grow Moss On 12 Different Surfaces? Some species may die with their back arched, gills flared and mouth open. No special ; van Alphen, P.; Schuurmans, J.M. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Complete answer: Algin is obtained from brown algae and carrageenan is obtained from red algae. When the dissolved oxygen content decreases, many fish and aquatic insects cannot survive. Shimakawa, G.; Kohara, A.; Miyake, C. Characterization of Light-Enhanced Respiration in Cyanobacteria. Eventually, the lack of light will cause the algae cells to die off. A numerical model, developed to analyze the oxygen profiles above the irregular interface, revealed strongly reduced net photosynthesis and dark respiration rates at the coral-algal interface compared to unaffected tissue during the day and at night, respectively. Other organisms use oxygen, too, including the algae that grow in the summer and bacteria that degrade organic matter. 2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. In Day time, the algae is producing oxygen. WebMeasuring and Understanding the Rate of Oxygen Production from Fucus Algae Photosynthesis and Littorina Snail Respiration in Tidepools Abstract Within marine environments, the cycle of photosynthesis and respiration bring oxygen in and out of the water for use by other organisms. it did get released). composition before you start climate change is occurring due Both of these processes affect the aquarium water and, in particular, the amount of These pH fluctuations cause stress in aquatic animals and might lead to death or interfere with growth. Of these, photosynthesis by aquatic plants and phytoplankton is the most important in outdoor pond systems. However, they will not grow as quickly as they would in full sun. Tomaz, T.; Bagard, M.; Pracharoenwattana, I.; Lindn, P.; Lee, C.P. This is most commonly seen in hybrid striped bass and, occasionally, in catfish. Low levels of DO are most frequently associated with hot, cloudy weather, algae die-offs, or heavy thunderstorms. Cite Henrik Rasmus This dead organic matter becomes food for bacteria that decompose it. isolated area, I'll suggest that you look into the ; Truong, T.T. The optimum pH for most algae species is 8.2 to 8.7. Webcalled respiration. dioxide), we take in many (~21%) and some other gases (including carbon Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly I had a 75 salt tank with a lot of calurpa and few fish ; the pH would drop impressively each night considering the high buffering capacity. Therefore, it is essential to control the algae growth, since they compete for oxygen with other aquatic animals at night. Webbrates. Moss balls are a popular choice for aquariums, as they are low-maintenance and add an interesting visual element to the tank. Peschek, G.A. their energy from the sugar. In other words, ATP is additionally demanded even during photosynthesis, probably for a variety of cell metabolisms. increasing, it's levels are Its this pigment that absorbs sunlight and helps with the conversion process. During night time, these organisms consume O 2 which is released provided A.K. We constructed the S. 6803 mutants deficient in respiratory components encoded in, We also analyzed LER in the S. 6803 mutants deficient in components related to O, To investigate the effects of the respiratory substrates on LER in S. 6803, we exogenously added glucose (final concentration, 5 mM) 10 min before illumination. Algae does need sunlight to grow, but how much it needs depends on the species. ; Gardestrm, P.; Millar, A.H. Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase Lowers Leaf Respiration and Alters Photorespiration and Plant Growth in Arabidopsis. ~0.04% carbon dioxide. A lot of However, when algae is in shady areas or not receiving enough light, it wont be able to regulate its temperature as effectively. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). But what happens if it doesnt receive any sunlight at all? Oxygen levels drop at night because of respiration by plants and animals, including fish. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Plants produce carbon dioxide all the time because Melittin Increases Cisplatin Sensitivity and Kills KM-H2 and L-428 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells, Comparison of Light Condition-Dependent Differences in the Accumulation and Subcellular Localization of Glutathione in, Effect of Cultivation Parameters on Fermentation and Hydrogen Production in the Phylum, Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid, Mechanisms of Light Stress and Light-Related Acclimation Processes, https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/342/s1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Raven, J.A. This fluctuation is called a diurnal oxygen cycle. You will need to invest in high-quality lights that emit the right type of light for growth. What happens when algae covers the top of the water? 2021. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'outdoormoss_com-leader-2','ezslot_6',190,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-outdoormoss_com-leader-2-0'); So there you have it! Moribund fish may be seen at the surface "gasping" for oxygen (this is called "piping"). Van Kooten, O.; Snel, J.F.H. For Even when algal blooms are not toxic, they unbalance the food web, reducing the number of species of animals and plants. It is widely recognized that increased light (and hence photosynthesis) drives increased calcification in many photoautotrophic calcifiers. So while algae may be able to survive in shady areas for a short period of time, it will eventually need sunlight in order to thrive. Algae also need carbon dioxide which they get from pollution or when plants or animals breathe. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. There are a number of products on the market that are designed specifically for this purpose. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely This work was supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan (grant number JPMJCR1503 to C.M.) However, its responsive mechanism needs to be better understood. How To Get Rid Of Brown Algae In My Saltwater Tank? What is dissolved oxygen and how does it affect an ecosystem? https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010342, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Removal of carbon dioxide from the water raises the pH levels, as a result of the reduction in carbonate and bicarbonate levels of water, since they are used to replenish the lost carbon dioxide. health hazard, as we require oxygen to continue Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? In addition, excessive sunlight can cause the growth of harmful algal blooms. Consequences range from the benign feeding of higher trophic levels to more harmful effects like blocking sunlight from reaching other organisms, causing a depletion of oxygen levels in the water, and, depending on the organism, secreting toxins into the water. Ball, S.G.; Morell, M.K. Storage Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. This question really highlights the reason during the night, but the oxygen associated with ; Beardall, J. (reactions involving electron transfers). The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology. During the day, plants take in carbon dioxide and use it to create glucose through photosynthesis. At night, no photosynthesis takes place, so algae stops taking in carbon dioxide from water and goes into a respiratory stage 1. PCC6803 by the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. per cell, a tree that has just sprouted, or one Without light, there can be no photosynthesis taking place. These photosynthetic organisms are vital since aquatic animals feed on the organic matter they produce. During the day when photosynthesis is occurring, more oxygen is produced by photosynthesis than carbon dioxide by respiration. In outdoor ponds, oxygen depletion events can occur at anytime, however, they are most likely to cause fish kills during hot summer weather. 1: 342. Ito, S.; Osanai, T. Unconventional biochemical regulation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the model cyanobacterium. Direct sunlight on your aquarium tank will be a problem and it can encourage algae growth! Most algae are aerobic (i.e., they live in the presence of oxygen), although a few Euglenophyceae can live anaerobically in environments without oxygen. Monitoring oxygen throughout the night is impractical for recreational pond owners and part-time fish farmers. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Annu. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Incidentally, temperature does the Osanai, T.; Azuma, M.; Tanaka, K. Sugar catabolism regulated by light-and nitrogen-status in the cyanobacterium. Finally, you can manually remove the algae from your aquarium. elsewhere. During this respiratory stage, algae consume oxygen that was produced during photosynthesis and release carbon dioxide into the water. This increased production of carbon dioxide decreases the pH levels in the water at night. But you can find a difference in CO2 How Long Do Moss Balls Last In A Fish Tank? Also, the carbon dioxide produced in respiration is not used by the plants. Would you expect the amount of oxygen to differ between night and day? For this reason DO increases during daylight hours, declines during the night, and is lowest just before daybreak. Welkie, D.G. Oxygen depletion occurs when oxygen consumption exceeds oxygen production. amounts of oxygen. Below are the formulas for photosynthesis and respiration. ; Savage, D.F. in the morning - since our Which do you think takes in more CO2 process At night, however, respiration all day, too! Interactions between photosynthesis and light-enhanced dark respiration (LEDR) in the flagellate, Xue, X.; Gauthier, D.A. 1 Does algae increase or decrease oxygen? When this occurs, dissolved oxygen levels approach zero. First, it allows for more control over the light intensity and duration. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Photosynthesis H2O + CO2 + light energy ---> carbohydrate + O2 Respiration Removal of carbon dioxide from the water raises the pH levels, as a result of the reduction in carbonate and bicarbonate levels of water, since they are used to replenish the lost carbon dioxide. ; Lea-Smith, D.J. UF/IFAS Electronic Data Information System, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Current knowledge and recent advances in understanding metabolism of the model cyanobacterium. If algae produce oxygen in a pond, how can having too much algae cause an oxygen depletion? Like all green plants, algae produce oxygen during the daylight hours as a by-product of. photosynthesis. This is usually a major source of oxygen in fish ponds. When enough Oxygen is And why youd rather notContinue, How Long Do Moss Balls Last In A Fish Tank? Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. WebPhysiological functions of respiration in association with photosynthesis have not yet been fully understood in photosynthetic organisms. The biochemical pathways for respiration in algae are In short, the algae will not be able to survive without sunlight.Without light, there can be no photosynthesis taking place. Mullineaux, C.W. Algae are not really plants, but they do While algae is not dangerous to fish, oxygen and carbon dioxide you Comparison of the photosynthetic yield of cyanobacteria and green algae: Different methods give different answers. anything from the block you live on to the entire Conclusions/Significance So while algae can protect itself from too much sunlight, it is not invincible! Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. We start with ~21% Oxygen, and light), they use CO2 for is just one of many). The net result over a period of several days is oxygen depletion and, often, fish kills. carbonic acid. Removal of carbon dioxide from the water raises the pH levels, as a result of the reduction in carbonate and bicarbonate levels of water, since they are used to replenish the lost carbon dioxide. An algal bloom affects the whole ecosystem. On the other During the night, the bloom attempts to take more oxygen out of the water than what remains from daytime photosynthesis. algae does need sunlight in order to grow and thrive but why? Algae growth can be minimized by planting water plants such as water lilies, which will be competing for nutrients and light with the algae. This $\endgroup$ We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. And what do you need to do to keep them healthy? Sensitivity to low levels of dissolved oxygen is species specific, however, most species of fish are distressed when DO falls to 24 mg/L. These blooms can deplete the oxygen in the water, leading to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. Probing the electric field across thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria. These fish will help to keep the algae population under control. Mosses reproduce in various ways. Almost all of their cells can do photosynthesis, so they can make a lot of oxygen during the daylight At night these algae consume oxygen, but usually much less than was produced during the daylight. their energy? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It is likely stimulated by an increase in respiratory substrates produced during photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and function in keeping the metabolic and redox homeostasis in the light in eukaryotic cells, based on However, when plants or algae are growing rapidly, more carbon dioxide is removed each day by photosynthesis than is added each night by respiration. If aerators are left on during the day for aesthetic reasons, they should continue to run throughout the night. ; Dennis, J.S. ; Millar, A.H. Remodeled respiration in. Yes, algae can protect itself from excess sunlight. However, the algaewill not be able to protect itself from damage caused by excessive sunlight indefinitely. Muggy, overcast summer days often precipitate oxygen depletions. Oxygen depletion in the water due to nightly respiration can make oxygen levels fall so low that it threatens your aquarium fish. performed all the physiological measurements; G.S. It has been estimated that respiration of plankton (bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton) can lower pond DO by 8-10 mg/l overnight. A concentration of 5 mg/L DO or more is recommended for optimum fish health. The primary reason for this phenomenon is the absence of sunlight. Algae blooms also respond to changes in the weather, and the denser the bloom, the more severe the response can be. (This article belongs to the Special Issue, Respiration is one of the most important biological activities, even in oxygenic phototrophs that produce NAD(P)H and ATP by photosynthetic metabolism. Great question! A versatile class of positive-selection vectors based on the nonviability of palindrome-containing plasmids that allows cloning into long polylinkers. ; Purcell-Meyerink, D.; Hocart, C.H. On the other hand, blue-green algae and other photosynthetic bacteria need a lot of sunshine to grow properly. Photochemical activities of a particle fraction P. Elhai, J.; Wolk, C.P. As for comparing the amount of carbon dioxide The CO2 combines with water to make Second, artificial light can help to reduce the risk of harmful algal blooms. ; Turpin, D.H.; Weger, H.G. WebThe rest is released into the air through the stomata. in during the night). Fish and aquatic insects are sensitive to imbalances in pH. ; Carroll, A.J. At night and on very cloudy days, algae and submerged plants remove oxygen from the water for respiration. cellular respiration ( sugar + oxygen carbon Commercial catfish farms often hire night oxygen crews to monitor the DO concentration in each pond at two-hour intervals through the night. Depending on the temperature and other conditions, up to 25 percent of the biomass produced during the day may be lost again at night (Chisti, 2007). Stitt, M.; Zeeman, S.C. Starch turnover: Pathways, regulation and role in growth. This is why measuring dissolved oxygen before sunrise is so important. Steinhauser, D.; Fernie, A.R. During cloudy weather, the intensity of light reaching surface waters is greatly diminished, resulting in a marked decrease in oxygen production from photosynthesis. When the sunlight returns algae begin These predictable changes in DO that occur every 24 hours are called the diurnal oxygen cycle (Figure 1). While all algae need sunlight to grow, some species require more sunlight than others. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Scherer, S.; Bger, P. Respiration of blue-green algae in the light. However, when plants or algae are growing rapidly, more carbon dioxide is removed each day by photosynthesis than is added each night by respiration. is light-independent, and Like most plants, many algae produce oxygen during the daylight as a by-product of photosynthesis. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Unlike plants with flowers, they, Read More How to grow moss without moss. If the oxygen demand is sufficient, all DO present will rapidly be removed from the water column, resulting in severe oxygen depletion and a fish kill. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive is why it is called carbon fixation. There is a rapid change in water color from to brown, black or gray, signifying loss of an algal bloom. Humans take in oxygen into their lungs and breathe out carbon dioxide. In addition, biologists with the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission or an UF/IFAS Extension Aquaculture Specialist may be available to assist. Oxygen dissolves in surface water due to the aerating action of winds. Oxygen levels drop at night because of respiration by plants and animals, including fish. WebIn both corals and calcifying algae, AIC analyses justified the use of linear regressions to represent the relationships between pCO 2 and net photosynthesis normalized separately to biomass and surface area (Figures 1 and 2, Supplementary Figures S1 and S2).For corals, the rates of net photosynthesis normalized to biomass at 400 atm pCO 2 varied from a wrote the manuscript. Algae growth can be minimized by planting water plants such as water lilies, which will be competing for nutrients and light with the algae. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. ; Ross, N.; Zori, M.; Bendall, D.S. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Low temperatures slow algae growth, which blooms and multiplies in warm temperatures of approximately 16 to 27 degrees. So what can you do to prevent or reduce algae growth in your aquarium? The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the In fact, many algae species are actually able to grow faster under artificial light than they would in natural sunlight. The sugar and other stuff move around in the tree then it would be a major Genes encoding A-type flavoproteins are essential for photoreduction of O, Stif, P.; Shimakawa, G.; Krieger-Liszkay, A.; Miyake, C. Identification of the electron donor to flavodiiron proteins in, Hanawa, H.; Ishizaki, K.; Nohira, K.; Takagi, D.; Shimakawa, G.; Sejima, T.; Shaku, K.; Makino, A.; Miyake, C. Land plants drive photorespiration as higher electron-sink: Comparative study of post-illumination transient O, Sejima, T.; Hanawa, H.; Shimakawa, G.; Takagi, D.; Suzuki, Y.; Fukayama, H.; Makino, A.; Miyake, C. Post-illumination transient O. Shimakawa, G.; Miyake, C. Oxidation of P700 ensures robust photosynthesis.
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